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Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about the...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Anisotropic velocity-dependent vortex forces: two-level atoms in two-dimensional standing waves.

T Cai, N P Bigelow

    Optics Letters
    |October 27, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers discovered anisotropic cooling-heating forces in two-level atoms using light fields. This spontaneous vortex force cools atoms along one axis while heating them along another.

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    Published on: July 19, 2016

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    Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

    An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
    11:03

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    Published on: December 4, 2017

    Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section
    11:00

    Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section

    Published on: July 19, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic physics
    • Quantum optics
    • Laser cooling

    Background:

    • Light pressure forces are crucial for manipulating atomic motion.
    • Two-dimensional light fields offer complex interactions with atoms.
    • Anisotropic forces can lead to novel cooling and trapping techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate velocity-dependent light pressure on two-level atoms in a 2D light field.
    • Identify the nature and origin of anomalous forces.
    • Provide a physical interpretation of the observed phenomena.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of light pressure force.
    • Consideration of a two-level atom model.
    • Interaction with a nearly resonant standing-wave 2D light field.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstration of anisotropic cooling-heating forces.
    • Identification of a spontaneous vortex force.
    • Correlation of the force with local traveling-wave character and momentum flow.

    Conclusions:

    • Anomalous forces arise from the interplay of light's vortical momentum flow and motion-induced population transfer.
    • This force can lead to simultaneous cooling and heating along different axes.
    • Offers new possibilities for atom manipulation and laser cooling.