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Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Simple Harmonic Motion01:21

Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple harmonic motion is the name given to oscillatory motion for a system where the net force can be described by Hooke's law. If the net force can be described by Hooke's law and there is no damping (by friction or other non-conservative forces), then a simple harmonic oscillator will oscillate with equal displacement on either side of the equilibrium position. To derive an equation for period and frequency, the equation of motion is used. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is given...
Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier
10:17

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Published on: July 12, 2017

Homodyne surface second-harmonic generation.

P Thiansathaporn, R Superfine

    Optics Letters
    |October 28, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    We applied homodyne mixing to surface second-harmonic generation, enhancing signal quality. This method offers real-time phase and magnitude measurements, improving experimental accuracy and reducing laser drift effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Surface Science
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a powerful surface-sensitive nonlinear optical technique.
    • Traditional SHG experiments can be limited by background noise and detector noise.
    • Real-time phase and magnitude measurements of surface susceptibility are challenging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the application of homodyne mixing to surface second-harmonic generation.
    • To show the advantages of homodyne mixing for improving signal-to-noise ratio.
    • To enable real-time measurement of surface susceptibility and provide a normalization signal.

    Main Methods:

    • Homodyne mixing technique applied to surface second-harmonic generation.
    • Utilizing the homodyne signal for background and detector noise reduction.

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    Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research
    09:23

    Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

    Published on: May 1, 2014

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    Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

    20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier
    10:17

    20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

    Published on: July 12, 2017

    Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research
    09:23

    Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

    Published on: May 1, 2014

  • Real-time acquisition of phase and magnitude of the surface susceptibility.
  • Simultaneous normalization signal generation to compensate for laser drift.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio for background and detector-noise-limited experiments.
    • Successful real-time measurement of both phase and magnitude of the surface susceptibility.
    • Effective cancellation of laser drift effects through the normalization signal.
    • Demonstrated the robustness and utility of homodyne mixing in surface SHG.

    Conclusions:

    • Homodyne mixing is a valuable technique for advancing surface second-harmonic generation.
    • The method enhances experimental sensitivity and provides crucial real-time data.
    • This approach offers a more reliable and accurate way to study surface nonlinear optical properties.