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Spermatogenesis01:41

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Functional Assessment of Kinesin-7 CENP-E in Spermatocytes Using In Vivo Inhibition, Immunofluorescence and Flow Cytometry
09:41

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Published on: December 28, 2021

Spermine synthase.

Anthony E Pegg1, Anthony J Michael

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. aep1@psu.edu

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|October 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spermine synthase (SMS) is crucial for producing spermine, essential for normal development. Its structure, genetics, and function are reviewed, highlighting SMS gene mutations causing developmental disorders like Snyder-Robinson syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Spermine is a polyamine found across diverse organisms, synthesized by spermine synthase.
  • Spermine synthase (SMS) is a specific aminopropyltransferase vital for polyamine metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review details the structure, genetics, and function of spermine synthase.
  • To elucidate the molecular basis of spermine deficiency-related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Structural and biochemical analyses of human spermine synthase.
  • Examination of genetic mutations in the SMS gene and their phenotypic consequences.

Main Results:

  • Human spermine synthase functions as an obligate dimer with distinct functional domains.
  • Gyro mice with SMS gene deletion exhibit severe developmental defects due to spermine absence.
  • SMS gene mutations in humans lead to spermidine accumulation and spermine deficiency, causing Snyder-Robinson syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Spermine synthase structure and function are critical for normal physiological processes.
  • Disruptions in spermine synthesis due to SMS gene defects result in significant developmental and neurological abnormalities.