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Velopharyngeal insufficiency after cleft palate repair in patients with isolated Robin sequence versus isolated cleft palate: A systematic review.

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics
09:40

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

Robin sequence: clearing nosologic confusion.

C C Breugem1, D J Courtemanche

  • 1Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. c.c.breugem@umcutrecht.nl

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association
|October 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Robin sequence classification is widely confused, with 14 different definitions found among specialists and 15 in literature. This diagnostic ambiguity impacts prognosis, genetic counseling, and treatment for Robin sequence.

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Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial Anomalies
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Clinical Genetics

Background:

  • Robin sequence is a complex congenital condition.
  • Accurate classification is crucial for patient management.
  • Existing diagnostic criteria lack standardization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent of diagnostic confusion surrounding Robin sequence.
  • To identify variations in the definition and diagnosis of Robin sequence.
  • To inform stakeholders about the need for standardized classification.

Main Methods:

  • Survey distributed to 204 American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association teams.
  • Questionnaire assessed diagnostic characteristics and influencing factors (e.g., retrognathia vs. micrognathia, cleft type).
  • Literature review of 50 recent PubMed manuscripts on Robin sequence.

Main Results:

  • A 35% response rate (73 teams) yielded 14 distinct definitions of Robin sequence.
  • Literature review identified 15 different descriptions of Robin sequence.
  • Variability exists in defining key diagnostic features and their influence on diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Widespread nosologic confusion exists in defining Robin sequence.
  • This ambiguity complicates evaluation, prognosis, genetic counseling, and treatment refinement.
  • Standardization of Robin sequence classification is urgently needed.