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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

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Frequency-modulation spectroscopy with transform-limited nanosecond laser pulses.

E E Eyler, S Gangopadhyay, N Melikechi

|October 30, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We achieved high-quality Frequency Modulation (FM) spectra using nanosecond laser pulses. This technique offers superior spectral resolution and sensitivity, enabling new far-ultraviolet spectroscopic observations.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Laser Physics
Ultrafast Optics

Background:

Frequency Modulation (FM) spectroscopy is a sensitive technique for detecting atomic and molecular species.
Traditional FM spectroscopy often requires continuous-wave (CW) lasers, limiting its application with pulsed systems.
Achieving high spectral resolution and sensitivity with pulsed lasers presents a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate high-quality FM spectra generation using nanosecond laser pulses.
To adapt FM spectroscopy for pulsed laser amplification and nonlinear frequency conversion.
To explore the application of this technique for novel spectroscopic observations in the ultraviolet region.

Main Methods:

Generation of transform-limited pulses with FM sidebands via pulsed amplification of a phase-modulated CW laser.
Nonlinear optical mixing to shift the laser pulses into the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region.
Application of the developed technique to iodine (I2) spectroscopy and far-UV transition observation.

Main Results:

Successful generation of high-quality FM spectra using nanosecond laser pulses.
Observation of an I2 spectrum with high spectral resolution (~0.001 cm(-1)).
First reported observation of a far-UV transition at 214.5 nm using FM spectroscopy with pulsed lasers.

Conclusions:

The developed pulsed FM spectroscopy method provides excellent spectral resolution and optical phase definition.
The technique offers advantages of a smaller, easily detectable modulation frequency (~500 MHz) and high absorption sensitivity (~10(-4)).
This method is promising for future spectroscopic studies, particularly in the challenging far-UV region, with potential for further sensitivity improvements.