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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Optical parametric oscillator incoherent spectroscopy.

T Yanagawa, K Naganuma, H Kanbara

    Optics Letters
    |October 30, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a novel incoherent Kerr shutter using a broad-bandwidth optical parametric oscillator (OPO). This new device achieves a 100-fs response time, advancing ultrafast optical switching capabilities.

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    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

    Published on: August 6, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
    08:22

    Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

    Published on: August 6, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Ultrafast Spectroscopy
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Kerr shutters are crucial for ultrafast optical measurements.
    • Previous Kerr shutters faced limitations in response time and tunability.
    • Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) offer broad bandwidth and wavelength tunability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a new incoherent Kerr shutter.
    • To utilize nanosecond optical pulses from a broad-bandwidth OPO.
    • To achieve ultrafast response times for optical switching.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed a beta-BaB(2)O(4) crystal within an OPO setup.
    • Generated nanosecond optical pulses with coherence times of 60-800 fs.
    • Investigated Kerr relaxation times in CS(2) and nitrobenzene solutions.
    • Tested a nitrobenzene solution of 4-(N,N-diethylamino)-beta-nitrostyrene.

    Main Results:

    • The OPO demonstrated wide wavelength tunability from 410 to 2600 nm.
    • Kerr relaxation times for CS(2) and nitrobenzene matched previous findings.
    • Achieved a 100-fs response time using a specific nitrobenzene solution at 740 nm.
    • This represents the first reported 100-fs response for this material system.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated incoherent Kerr shutter offers significant improvements in response time.
    • The broad tunability of the OPO enhances its applicability in various spectroscopic studies.
    • This advancement opens new possibilities for ultrafast optical control and measurement.