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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

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INTRAPOPULATION KINETICS OF THE MITOTIC CYCLE.

J E Sisken1, L Morasca

  • 1Department of Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Human cell cycle distributions, including generation times and specific phases (G1, G2+prophase), are broader than theoretical models predict. Compensating mechanisms regulate cell cycle progression, ensuring non-random relationships between phases.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Understanding cell proliferation is crucial for developmental biology and cancer research.
  • Previous models of the cell cycle often oversimplified the distribution of cell cycle phase durations.
  • Human amnion cells provide a model for studying fundamental cell cycle dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distribution of cell cycle phase lengths in human amnion cells.
  • To compare experimental cell cycle data with theoretical distributions.
  • To explore the relationships between different phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2+prophase).

Main Methods:

  • Time-lapse cinemicrography to record mitotic histories and generation times.
  • Autoradiographic detection of tritiated thymidine to identify cells in DNA synthesis (S phase).

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  • Analysis of cell age distributions and generation time reciprocals.

    • Main Results:

    • Generation time distributions in human amnion cells are right-skewed, unlike theoretical normal distributions.
    • The true age distribution is broader than theoretical models suggest, accounting for generation time dispersion.
    • G1 phase distribution is similar to, but more variable than, the overall generation time distribution.
    • G2+prophase distribution also resembles the generation time and G1 distributions.
    • S phase duration may be constant or inversely related to G1 and G2+prophase lengths.

    Conclusions:

    • Cell cycle phase durations exhibit significant variability, challenging simplified theoretical models.
    • Non-random relationships exist between successive cell cycle phases.
    • Compensating mechanisms appear to regulate the lengths of cell cycle phases in individual cells, ensuring overall cycle regulation.