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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
10:16

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RHEUMATOID FACTOR.

R C Mellors1, R Heimer, J Corcos

  • 1The Hospital for Special Surgery, Philip D. Wilson Research Foundation, New York.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rheumatoid factor, a key marker in rheumatoid arthritis, was localized in plasma cells within synovial membranes and germinal centers of lymph nodes. This finding provides insights into the cellular sites of rheumatoid factor production in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

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06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and systemic effects.
  • Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody frequently found in RA patients' serum, but its precise tissue localization and cellular origin remain areas of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific cellular localization of rheumatoid factor within tissues affected by rheumatoid arthritis.
  • To determine the cellular sites of rheumatoid factor production and potential secretory processes in RA.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fluorescein-labeled aggregated human gamma-globulin as a reagent for precipitin-type tests and immunofluorescence staining.
  • Examined frozen tissue sections from synovial membranes, lymph nodes, and subcutaneous nodules of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • Employed blocking experiments with unlabeled aggregated human gamma-globulin and specific antisera to confirm the specificity of staining.

Main Results:

  • Rheumatoid factor was specifically localized within the cytoplasm of plasma cells in synovial membranes and germinal centers of lymph nodes from RA patients.
  • Evidence suggested a secretory process for rheumatoid factor in plasma cells, with extracellular particles observed.
  • Germinal center cells and internodular plasma cells in lymph nodes, as well as plasma cells in subcutaneous nodules, were identified as sites of RF presence.
  • Control tissues from normal and pathological conditions lacked detectable rheumatoid factor, confirming specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma cells are the primary cellular source of rheumatoid factor in affected tissues of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • The findings support the role of plasma cells in the synovial membrane and lymphoid tissues in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • This study provides direct evidence for the tissue-level localization and cellular origin of rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis.