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Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Globular Proteins

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins can be broadly classified into two distinct subtypes based on their shape and solubilities: globular proteins and fibrous proteins.
Globular proteins serve many important physiological functions, such as acting as enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often require the proteins to be soluble in the aqueous...

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.

Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

Published on: June 29, 2016

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF NORMAL 7S gamma-GLOBULIN.

M Mannik¹, H G Kunkel

¹The Rockefeller Institute.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

|October 30, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Normal human gamma-globulin contains two main antigenic groups, correlating with multiple myeloma and Bence Jones proteins. These findings help classify gamma-globulin molecules and their specific antigenic determinants.

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Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate

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Published on: September 9, 2011

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Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

Published on: June 29, 2016

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate

Published on: September 9, 2011

Area of Science:

Immunology
Protein Chemistry

Background:

Normal 7S human gamma-globulin is a complex protein mixture.
Understanding its antigenic properties is crucial for diagnostics and therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize the fundamental antigenic groups within normal 7S human gamma-globulin.
To establish a classification system for gamma-globulin molecules based on their antigenic properties.

Main Methods:

Utilized antisera against Bence Jones proteins of antigenic groups 1 and 2.
Employed Iodine-131-labeled 7S gamma-globulin for precise antigenic group definition.
Analyzed pooled human Fraction II and individual gamma-globulin preparations.

Main Results:

Identified two primary antigenic groups in normal gamma-globulin.
Group 1 molecules (approx. 60%) correspond to group 1 myeloma and Bence Jones proteins.
Group 2 molecules (approx. 30%) correspond to group 2 myeloma and Bence Jones proteins.
Discussed the potential existence of a minor third antigenic group (approx. 10%).
Localized group-specific antigenic determinants to the S fragments of 7S gamma-globulin molecules.

Conclusions:

Normal 7S human gamma-globulin can be classified into at least two major antigenic groups.
Antigenic characterization provides a framework for understanding gamma-globulin heterogeneity.
The S fragments of gamma-globulin carry key antigenic determinants.