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Increased Body Temperature

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above 38°C (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.

Comparative Excretory Systems

Comparative Excretory Systems

Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.

Types of Fever

Types of Fever

Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
Here are the different types of fever:

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...

Methods of reducing fever

Methods of reducing fever

The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:

Patterns of Fever

Patterns of Fever

Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Published on: December 25, 2016

THE EXCRETION OF NITROGEN IN FEVER.

N C Sharpe¹, K M Simon

¹Department of Pathological Chemistry of the University of Toronto, Toronto.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

|October 30, 2009

Summary

Fever from typhoid vaccination, tuberculin reactions, and malaria increases the body's excretion of nitrogenous substances, particularly uric acid. This highlights metabolic changes during immune responses to infection and vaccination.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Immunology
Physiology

Background:

Fever is a common physiological response to infection and vaccination.
Nitrogenous waste products, including uric acid, are key indicators of metabolic activity.
Understanding metabolic changes during fever is crucial for clinical assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between fever and the excretion of nitrogenous compounds.
To compare metabolic responses to different fever-inducing stimuli: typhoid vaccination, tuberculin, and malaria.

Main Methods:

Monitoring urinary output of total nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid.
Correlating changes in excretion with temperature rise following vaccination and during illness.
Observing metabolic responses to tuberculin and malaria-induced fever.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Published on: December 25, 2016

Main Results:

Typhoid vaccination significantly increased the excretion of total nitrogen, creatinine, and notably uric acid.
Tuberculin reactions showed a slower, less pronounced, and less uniform increase in nitrogenous substance output.
Malaria fever exhibited a tendency towards increased total nitrogen and creatinine output, with uric acid rising during rigor-induced fever.

Conclusions:

Fever, regardless of cause (vaccination or infection), is associated with altered nitrogenous compound metabolism and increased excretion.
Uric acid output appears particularly sensitive to fever, especially following typhoid vaccination and during malaria with rigor.