Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Inhalation Anthrax

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...

Active versus Passive Immunity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Botulism

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Acute Respiratory Infections.

War medicine (Paris, France)·2023

Same author

A Study of the Diphtheria Group of Organisms; with Special reference to Fermentation Reactions.

The Journal of medical research·2009

Same author

On the Precipitation of bacterial extracts by extracts of Leucocytes.

The Journal of medical research·2009

Same author

Observations on the Mechanism of Protection by Leucocyte extracts.

The Journal of medical research·2009

Same author

A Report of twenty-four Cases of Epidemic Meningitis treated with Leucocyte extract.

The Journal of medical research·2009

Same author

On the Treatment of lobar Pneumonia with Leucocyte extract.

The Journal of medical research·2009

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG_35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: April 15, 2014

ON THE IMMUNIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH BACTERIAL PROTEOTOXINS (ANAPHYLATOXINS).

H Zinsser¹, J G Dwyer

¹Department of Bacteriology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

|October 30, 2009

Summary

Guinea pigs develop tolerance to bacterial proteotoxins (anaphylatoxins) after repeated exposure. This acquired resistance, though limited, offers insights into immunity and anaphylaxis.

More Related Videos

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: May 12, 2023

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Published on: October 25, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG_35-55) Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: April 15, 2014

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: May 12, 2023

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Published on: October 25, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Microbiology

Background:

Bacterial proteotoxins, also known as anaphylatoxins, are potent toxins.
Previous research has explored the effects of toxic protein split products.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the development of tolerance to bacterial proteotoxins in guinea pigs.
To explore the potential role of this tolerance in broader immunological contexts, such as anaphylaxis and bacterial infection.

Main Methods:

Sublethal doses of bacterial proteotoxins were administered to guinea pigs.
The development and duration of acquired resistance were monitored over time.

Main Results:

Guinea pigs exhibited distinct tolerance to proteotoxins after injection.
Tolerance was not high, not exceeding 1.5-2 times the fatal dose.
Resistance became evident 4-7 days post-injection, peaked at 2 weeks, and lasted up to 60 days.

Conclusions:

Acquired tolerance to bacterial proteotoxins is demonstrable in guinea pigs.
This tolerance may play a role in anti-anaphylaxis and resistance to bacterial infections.
Further research is needed to determine specificity and passive transferability.