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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Burn Injuries01:22

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Roller Microneedle Combined with Tranexamic Acid Solution in Treating Melasma
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SKIN REACTIONS TO SIMULTANEOUS TREATMENTS WITH RADIANT HEAT AND SOFT X-RAYS.

J A Hawkins1, H Clark

  • 1Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Soft x-rays and radiant heat combined cause severe skin burns in guinea pigs. These combined radiation burns heal significantly slower than those caused by heat alone, indicating a synergistic effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Radiation Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Skin exposure to radiation can cause various degrees of damage.
  • Understanding the combined effects of different radiation types is crucial for safety protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of simultaneous exposure to soft x-rays and radiant heat on guinea pig skin.
  • To compare the severity and healing time of burns caused by individual and combined radiation sources.

Main Methods:

  • Guinea pigs were exposed to sub-erythema doses of soft x-rays.
  • Animals were also exposed to radiant heat at an intensity critical for slight burns.
  • A third group received simultaneous exposure to both soft x-rays and radiant heat.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to soft x-rays alone did not produce erythema.
  • Heat radiation alone resulted in slight burns in 50% of the animals.
  • Simultaneous exposure to heat and x-radiation led to well-marked burns with significantly slower healing compared to heat alone.

Conclusions:

  • Combined exposure to soft x-rays and radiant heat exacerbates skin burn severity in guinea pigs.
  • The synergistic effect of these radiations results in delayed burn healing.
  • These findings highlight the increased risk associated with combined radiation exposures.