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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Burn Injuries01:22

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
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Nucleotide Excision Repair

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
09:38

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Published on: April 14, 2016

SKIN REACTIONS TO ALTERNATE HEAT AND X-RAY EXPOSURES.

J A Hawkins1, H Clark

  • 1Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combining soft x-rays and heat below burn-inducing doses causes significant skin burns in guinea pigs. Sequential application of these agents, regardless of order, resulted in persistent burns, unlike individual exposures.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
09:38

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Published on: April 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Radiation Biology
  • Thermal Injury

Background:

  • Understanding the combined effects of different physical agents on skin is crucial for safety and therapeutic applications.
  • Previous research has explored individual effects of x-rays and heat on skin, but combined effects require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synergistic effects of soft x-rays and heat on guinea pig skin.
  • To determine if the sequence of exposure to these agents influences the outcome.

Main Methods:

  • Guinea pigs were exposed to sub-erythema doses of soft x-rays.
  • Areas were also exposed to heat below the critical burn-inducing intensity.
  • Combined exposures were performed sequentially in varying orders.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to soft x-rays or heat alone resulted in minimal skin scaling.
  • Areas exposed to both soft x-rays and heat developed pronounced and lasting burns.
  • The sequence of agent application did not alter the severity or persistence of the burns.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of soft x-rays and heat, even at sub-damaging individual doses, can induce significant skin burns.
  • The synergistic effect is independent of the order in which the agents are applied.