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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy01:26

Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in the enlargement of a tissue or organ. Unlike hyperplasia, which involves an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in cell volume. This process often occurs in response to higher functional demand or hormonal stimulation, leading to the production of more structural proteins and organelles, thereby enhancing the cells' work capacity.There are two primary types of hypertrophy: physiological...

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX.

E M Mackay1, L L Mackay

  • 1Department of Medicine of Stanford University Medical School, San Francisco.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Unilateral adrenalectomy in female rats causes significant compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining adrenal gland, primarily in the cortex. This study investigates the cellular mechanisms behind this adaptive growth.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The adrenal gland plays a crucial role in regulating physiological processes.
  • Compensatory hypertrophy is a known adaptive response in paired organs following unilateral removal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining adrenal gland after unilateral adrenalectomy in female rats.
  • To investigate whether cellular hypertrophy or hyperplasia contributes to the observed increase in adrenal gland size.
  • To determine if the adrenal medulla is affected by unilateral adrenalectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed on 90-day-old female albino rats.
  • The remaining adrenal gland was weighed and examined histologically.

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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

  • Cellular size of the adrenal cortex and medulla was assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • A 61% increase in the weight of the remaining adrenal gland was observed.
    • The adrenal cortex showed a 91% increase in tissue, primarily due to an increase in cell size.
    • No significant changes in the size of the adrenal medulla or its cells were detected.

    Conclusions:

    • Compensatory hypertrophy of the adrenal gland following unilateral removal is a significant adaptive response.
    • The hypertrophy is predominantly a cortical phenomenon driven by cellular enlargement, not cell proliferation.
    • The adrenal medulla does not participate in this compensatory growth.