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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Precipitation Titration: Overview01:26

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Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

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Published on: September 25, 2014

THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA : II. THE RATIO OF PRECIPITIN TO PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY.

M Friedlander1, H Sobotka, E J Banzhaf

  • 1Department of Bacteriology, New York University and Bellevue Medical College, and the Research Laboratory, Department of Health, New York.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Precipitin indices in antipneumococcus sera correlate with protective units, varying by pneumococcus type and serum preparation. Refined sera showed increased precipitin activity, impacting diagnostic potential.

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Published on: November 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Antipneumococcus sera are crucial for diagnosing and treating pneumococcal infections.
  • Standardized methods for quantifying serum potency are essential for clinical and research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the relationship between precipitin indices and protective units in antipneumococcus sera.
  • To investigate factors influencing this relationship, including pneumococcus type, serum preparation, and treatment duration.

Main Methods:

  • Determination of precipitin indices for monovalent and polyvalent antipneumococcus sera under controlled conditions.
  • Quantification of protective units in parallel with precipitin index measurements.
  • Comparative analysis of precipitin index/protective unit ratios across different serum types and preparations.

Main Results:

  • Precipitin indices varied directly with the number of protective units.
  • The ratio of precipitin index to protective units differed significantly between Type I (2.8–4.8) and Type III pneumococcus.
  • Lower ratios were observed in polyvalent sera and when mixing heterologous monovalent sera.
  • Refined and concentrated serum preparations exhibited a relative increase in precipitin activity.

Conclusions:

  • Precipitin indices serve as a reliable indicator of protective units in antipneumococcus sera.
  • Pneumococcus type significantly influences the precipitin index/protective unit ratio.
  • Serum processing and concentration can enhance precipitin activity, potentially improving diagnostic utility.