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Related Concept Videos

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion
09:02

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

Published on: February 2, 2021

EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GLOMERULITIS.

F D Lukens1, W T Longcope

  • 1Medical Clinic, the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heat-killed hemolytic streptococci injected into rabbit renal arteries induced glomerulitis. Glomerulitis was more common in rabbits with active streptococcus infections and skin reactions.

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Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury
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Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury
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Published on: August 4, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Glomerulitis, inflammation of the glomeruli, can result from various stimuli.
  • The role of specific bacterial components in inducing renal inflammation requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of hemolytic streptococci to induce glomerulitis in rabbits.
  • To compare the effects of heat-killed versus live streptococci on glomerulitis development.
  • To assess the influence of concurrent streptococcal infection and skin reactivity on glomerulitis incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Rabbits received direct injections of heat-killed hemolytic streptococci suspensions into the left renal artery.
  • Control rabbits were injected with bismuth oxychloride suspensions.
  • Some rabbits were inoculated intracutaneously with living hemolytic streptococci to induce localized infection.

Main Results:

  • Focal and diffuse glomerulitis were successfully produced in rabbits following direct renal artery injection of heat-killed hemolytic streptococci.
  • Injection of bismuth oxychloride did not induce similar glomerular lesions.
  • Acute glomerulitis occurred in approximately 50% of rabbits receiving streptococci.
  • Glomerulitis incidence was significantly higher in rabbits with induced acute localized streptococcus infections compared to normal rabbits.
  • Acute glomerulitis correlated with pronounced skin reactions to streptococcal filtrates.

Conclusions:

  • Hemolytic streptococci are capable of inducing experimental glomerulitis in rabbits.
  • The development of glomerulitis is associated with active streptococcal infection and host immune response, indicated by skin reactivity.
  • These findings suggest a potential mechanism for streptococcal-induced kidney disease.