Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The philosophy of medicine in 1985.

What's new·2014
Same author

Gordon Wilson Lecture: The Experimental Analysis of Tuberculous Infections.

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association·2011
Same author

Serum albumine as a protective rather than nutritive growth factor in bacteriological media.

Federation proceedings·2010
Same author

Preparation and properties of Shiga toxin and toxoid.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2010
Same author

Metabolic products of Aspergillus ustus.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2010
Same author

Factors affecting the growth of tubercle bacilli in liquid media.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2010

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella
04:56

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella

Published on: February 9, 2024

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SHIGA TOXIN AND TOXOID.

R J Dubos1, J W Geiger

  • 1Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, and the Biological Laboratories of E. R. Squibb and Sons, New Brunswick.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a method for rapid production of Shigella dysenteriae toxin using an avirulent R variant. Optimal conditions, including iron-free media and aerobiosis, significantly increase toxin yield and solubility.

More Related Videos

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay
06:11

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Published on: February 27, 2019

Electricity-Free, Sequential Nucleic Acid and Protein Isolation
09:52

Electricity-Free, Sequential Nucleic Acid and Protein Isolation

Published on: May 15, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella
04:56

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella

Published on: February 9, 2024

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay
06:11

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Published on: February 27, 2019

Electricity-Free, Sequential Nucleic Acid and Protein Isolation
09:52

Electricity-Free, Sequential Nucleic Acid and Protein Isolation

Published on: May 15, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacteriology
  • Toxinology

Background:

  • Shigella dysenteriae produces a soluble toxin independent of its somatic antigen.
  • Previous methods for toxin production were not rapid or efficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid and efficient method for producing Shigella dysenteriae soluble toxin.
  • To optimize cultural conditions for maximal toxin yield.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an avirulent R variant of Shigella dysenteriae.
  • Cultured bacteria under conditions favoring aerobic metabolism and avoiding organic acid accumulation.
  • Grew cultures in iron-free media with fumaric acid, glucose, meat extract, and peptone at pH 7.0.
  • Employed selective precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography for toxin concentration and purification.

Main Results:

  • Maximal toxin yield was achieved in iron-free media under extreme aerobiosis.
  • Toxin rapidly became soluble upon cell death and could be purified.
  • Purified toxin showed high potency (LD50 of 1-10 μg/kg).
  • Toxin exhibited stability at pH 6.0 but was denatured at pH 9.0.
  • Soluble toxin was detoxified with formalin to produce a toxoid, inducing immunity in mice.

Conclusions:

  • A method for rapid, high-yield production of Shigella dysenteriae soluble toxin was established.
  • Optimized conditions enhance bacterial protoplasm synthesis and toxin production.
  • The purified toxin is potent and can be detoxified to create an effective immunogen.