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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Desensitization and Recovery of Crayfish Photoreceptors Upon Delivery of a Light Stimulus
06:43

Desensitization and Recovery of Crayfish Photoreceptors Upon Delivery of a Light Stimulus

Published on: November 9, 2019

PHOTOREACTIONS OF PARTIALLY BLINDED WHIP-TAIL SCORPIONS.

B M Patten1

  • 1Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

The Journal of General Physiology
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whip-tail scorpions rely on median eyes, lateral eyes, and skin sensors for orientation. Lateral eyes are most sensitive, followed by skin sensors and median eyes, with asymmetry causing directional movement.

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Electrophysiology of Scorpion Peg Sensilla
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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Desensitization and Recovery of Crayfish Photoreceptors Upon Delivery of a Light Stimulus
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Published on: November 9, 2019

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Electrophysiology of Scorpion Peg Sensilla
07:50

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Published on: April 13, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Sensory biology
  • Neuroethology

Background:

  • Photoreception is crucial for animal orientation and navigation.
  • Scorpions possess multiple photoreceptor types: median eyes, lateral eye groups, and cutaneous receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the relative effectiveness of different photoreceptors in whip-tail scorpions.
  • To investigate the impact of symmetrical and asymmetrical photoreceptive interference on scorpion orientation.

Main Methods:

  • Eliminating photoreceptors unilaterally and bilaterally, singly and in combination.
  • Measuring angular deflection from the path of locomotion under controlled illumination.
  • Comparing reactions of normal and partially blinded scorpions.

Main Results:

  • Relative photoreceptor effectiveness: median eyes: lateral eyes: cutaneous areas :: 1:1.6:2.2.
  • Asymmetrical photoreceptor function caused scorpions to deflect towards the less sensitive side.
  • Symmetrical reduction in photoreception did not disrupt orientation under balanced light.

Conclusions:

  • Orientation is maintained by bilateral equilibrium in photoreceptor excitation.
  • All photoreceptor types are coordinated for orientation, with lateral eyes being most effective.