Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Oxidation of polyhydric alcohols by Acetobacter suboxydans.

Iowa State College journal of science·2010

Same author

The separation of rare earths by ion exchange; pilot plant scale separations.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2010

Same author

History and development of the American Type Culture Collection.

The Quarterly review of biology·1966

Same author

Latinization of Greek Words in Biological Taxonomy.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1962

Same author

Microbiological literacy.

Bacteriological reviews·1958

Same author

Taxonomy.

Annual review of microbiology·1955

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Assessing Cytotoxicity of Metabolites of Typical Triazole Pesticides in Plants

Assessing Cytotoxicity of Metabolites of Typical Triazole Pesticides in Plants

Published on: December 22, 2023

STUDIES ON TOXICITY.

E I Fulmer¹, R E Buchanan

¹Laboratories of Chemistry and of Bacteriology, Iowa State College, Ames.

The Journal of General Physiology

|October 30, 2009

Summary

Survivor curves for yeast treated with phenol do not follow logarithmic patterns. This suggests that methods evaluating disinfectant power based on logarithmic models may be misleading due to cell resistance variations.

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Biophysics
Biochemistry

Background:

Assessing the efficacy of disinfectants like phenol and alcohol on microorganisms is crucial for public health and industrial applications.
Previous studies have sometimes interpreted microbial survivor curves using logarithmic or monomolecular reaction models.
Understanding the kinetics of microbial death under chemical stress is essential for developing effective sterilization protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the survival kinetics of yeast cells exposed to phenol and phenol-alcohol mixtures.
To critically evaluate the applicability of logarithmic and monomolecular reaction models in describing microbial survivor curves.
To identify key factors influencing the rate of microbial death during disinfection.

Main Methods:

More Related Videos

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

Published on: October 11, 2022

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: March 24, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Assessing Cytotoxicity of Metabolites of Typical Triazole Pesticides in Plants

Assessing Cytotoxicity of Metabolites of Typical Triazole Pesticides in Plants

Published on: December 22, 2023

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

Published on: October 11, 2022

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: March 24, 2023

Yeast cultures were subjected to treatment with phenol or a combination of phenol and alcohol.
The number of surviving yeast cells was quantified over time using resistance to methylene blue staining as a viability indicator.
Survivor counts were plotted against time to generate survival curves.

Main Results:

The generated survivor curves for yeast treated with phenol or phenol and alcohol were generally not logarithmic.
Observed similarities to logarithmic or monomolecular curves were deemed superficial and coincidental.
Significant variations in resistance among individual yeast cells were noted.

Conclusions:

Logarithmic and monomolecular reaction models are inappropriate for evaluating the disinfecting power of phenol and alcohol against yeast.
Such models can lead to misleading conclusions regarding disinfectant efficacy.
The inherent variation in resistance among individual microbial cells is a fundamental factor that must be considered when analyzing death rates.