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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

THYROXIN AS A DEPRESSANT OF THE DIVISION RATE OF PARAMECIUM.

H B Torrey1, M C Riddle, J L Brodie

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Biology of the University of Oregon Medical School, Portland.

The Journal of General Physiology
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroxin accelerates Paramecium metabolism and excretion, similar to thyroid extract. However, thyroxin also inhibits Paramecium cell division in a dose-dependent manner.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Protozoology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones, like thyroxin, regulate metabolism in various organisms.
  • Paramecium serves as a model organism for studying cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of thyroxin on metabolic processes and cell division in Paramecium.
  • To compare the action of thyroxin with that of total thyroid extract in Paramecium.

Main Methods:

  • Paramecium cultures were exposed to varying concentrations of thyroxin (1:10^4, 1:10^5, 1:10^6) in an alkaline solution.
  • Metabolic activity, specifically excretion, and cell division rates were monitored.

Main Results:

  • Thyroxin accelerated metabolic processes, particularly excretion, in Paramecium, mirroring the effects of total thyroid extract.
  • Thyroxin demonstrably depressed the division rate of Paramecium.
  • The inhibitory effect on cell division was directly proportional to the thyroxin concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroxin influences Paramecium's metabolic functions, including excretion.
  • Thyroxin exerts a direct, concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on Paramecium cell division, distinct from its metabolic effects.