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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane

Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
Step 4: Instruct the patient to tilt their head to the side for comfort and check for cerumen...
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C (97–99°F), remaining relatively stable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates
08:25

Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates

Published on: April 4, 2020

TEMPERATURE AND HEART RATE IN PTEROTRACHEA AND TIEDEMANNIA.

O Glaser1

  • 1Zoological Station, Naples, Italy, and the Biological Laboratory of Amherst College, Amherst.

The Journal of General Physiology
|October 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates temperature effects on marine invertebrate heart rates, finding distinct thermal increments and metabolic process correlations. Results suggest temperature influences physiological responses and energy metabolism in Pterotrachea and Tiedemannia.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Physiological Ecology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Heart rate variability in marine invertebrates is influenced by environmental factors.
  • Understanding thermal tolerance is crucial for predicting species' responses to climate change.
  • Previous research by Crozier and Stier established thermal increment values for other species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the thermal increments of heart rate in Pterotrachea coronata and Tiedemannia neapolitana.
  • To investigate the relationship between temperature, heart rate, and underlying metabolic processes.
  • To explore the influence of temperature extremes on physiological mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of heart rates in Pterotrachea coronata and Tiedemannia neapolitana across a range of temperatures (4°C to 27°C).
  • Analysis of thermal increment values (Q10 values) at intermediate, high, and low temperatures.
  • Theoretical analysis incorporating concepts of carbohydrate metabolism (Meyerhof) to interpret physiological data.

Main Results:

  • Intermediate temperatures yielded thermal increments of 11,200 ± for Pterotrachea and 16,200 ± for Tiedemannia.
  • At high temperatures, average micro values were 7,300 ± (Pterotrachea) and 7,400 ± (Tiedemannia); at low temperatures, they were 22,000 ± and 23,000 ±, respectively.
  • Variability at temperature extremes was attributed to restorative processes and unusual reaction controls, with no irreversible changes observed.

Conclusions:

  • The observed thermal increments and their variations are quantitatively linked to specific metabolic processes, including mobilization hydrolysis, oxidative reactions, and synthetic pathways.
  • Temperature significantly impacts the physiological regulation of heart rate in these marine invertebrates.
  • The findings provide a hypothesis for understanding neurogenic controls and metabolic underpinnings of thermal responses.