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Thyroid disease and pregnancy.

G P Becks1, G N Burrow

  • 1Department of Health Sciences, University of California School of Medicine-San Diego, LaJolla.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
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Properly treating thyroid disease in women of reproductive age is crucial for fertility and healthy pregnancies. Early diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism significantly improve outcomes for both mother and child.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction, particularly severe hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, can impact female reproductive health.
  • Pregnancy involves significant physiological changes in thyroid hormone regulation.
  • Maternal thyroid disease can influence fetal and neonatal thyroid development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of thyroid disease on reproductive health and pregnancy.
  • To emphasize the importance of diagnosing and treating thyroid disorders before conception.
  • To discuss the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and its effects on maternal and fetal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thyroid disease in reproductive-age women and pregnancy.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of physiological changes in thyroid function during gestation.
  • Examination of the effects of maternal thyroid disease on fetal development and neonatal outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • Adequate treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism generally restores fertility.
    • Maternal thyroxine (T4) can cross the placenta, potentially aiding fetal development, especially in cases of congenital hypothyroidism.
    • Untreated severe hypothyroidism in pregnancy adversely affects maternal and neonatal outcomes.
    • TSH-receptor blocking antibodies can cause congenital hypothyroidism.
    • Pregnancy may improve Hashimoto's disease in mothers, with a risk of postpartum relapse.

    Conclusions:

    • Timely diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders in women of reproductive age are essential for optimizing fertility and pregnancy success.
    • Continued thyroid hormone therapy during pregnancy is often necessary and safe.
    • Management strategies should address maternal thyroid status, placental transfer of hormones, and potential neonatal thyroid issues.
    • Graves' disease is a primary cause of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy, managed with antithyroid drugs; radioiodine ablation is contraindicated.