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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

23
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Thyroid crises.

L A Gavin1

  • 1Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of thyroid storm are crucial for successful outcomes, especially in older patients. Early detection and management of hypothyroidism in high-risk individuals can prevent myxedema coma.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid storm, a severe manifestation of thyrotoxicosis, poses significant risks, particularly in elderly patients who may present with atypical symptoms.
  • Myxedema coma, a life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism, requires vigilant prevention strategies in at-risk populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical importance of prompt diagnosis and aggressive management of thyroid storm.
  • To highlight preventive measures for myxedema coma in high-risk patient groups.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical assessment for characteristic features of thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm.
  • Prompt initiation of treatment in the emergency department.
  • Identification of high-risk groups for hypothyroidism and myxedema coma.

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  • Recommendations for regular thyroid function monitoring (serum TSH) in at-risk individuals.

    • Main Results:

    • Timely diagnosis and aggressive management of thyroid storm generally lead to successful outcomes.
    • Severe thyroid storm can result in irreversible cardiovascular collapse, especially in older patients with atypical presentations.
    • Proactive management of hypothyroidism in identified high-risk groups can prevent myxedema coma.

    Conclusions:

    • Immediate treatment in the emergency department is paramount for thyroid storm, as delays can be fatal.
    • High-risk patients, including older women with specific thyroid histories, require education on hypothyroidism symptoms and regular TSH monitoring for early intervention.