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The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.

Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

Adding pieces to the puzzling plant nuclear envelope.

Iris Meier¹, Jelena Brkljacic

¹Department of Molecular Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. meier.56@osu.edu

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|October 31, 2009

Summary

Recent plant research highlights the nuclear envelope (NE) and nuclear pores

Area of Science:

Plant Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The nuclear envelope (NE) and nuclear pores (NPCs) are critical for regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport.
Plant research on NE and NPCs is gaining momentum due to their roles in signal transduction and cell division.
Existing knowledge in yeast and animal models provides a comparative basis for plant studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings in plant nuclear envelope and nuclear pore research.
To compare plant NE and NPC knowledge with that of yeast and animal systems.
To highlight novel roles of NE and NPC components during plant cell division.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent scientific reports.
Comparative analysis of plant, yeast, and animal NE/NPC research.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

Published on: September 2, 2008

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana

Published on: November 1, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

Published on: September 2, 2008

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana

Published on: November 1, 2024

Focus on ultrastructure, novel protein components, and protein fates during mitosis/cytokinesis.

Main Results:

Advancements in understanding the refined ultrastructure of plant NE and NPCs.
Discovery of novel proteins associated with the NE and NPCs in plants.
Emerging evidence for significant roles of NE and NPC proteins in plant mitosis and cytokinesis.

Conclusions:

Plant NE and NPC research is rapidly evolving, revealing new insights into cellular processes.
NE and NPC components are crucial for plant cell division, with functions extending beyond transport.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex roles of these structures in plants.