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Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells

Published on: January 21, 2020

Apoptosis: Focus on sea urchin development.

Maria Agnello¹, Maria Carmela Roccheri

¹Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo "A. Monroy", University of Palermo, Italy.

Apoptosis : an International Journal on Programmed Cell Death

|October 31, 2009

Summary

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is vital for animal evolution and development. Sea urchin embryos utilize this process for normal development and defense against environmental stress.

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Cellular Biology
Marine Biology

Background:

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a conserved process essential for animal evolution and development.
Multicellular organisms use apoptosis to remove damaged or unnecessary cells during development.
Sea urchins are valuable models for studying embryogenesis and metamorphosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms regulating developmental and stress-induced apoptosis in sea urchin embryos.
To highlight the role of apoptosis in sea urchin metamorphosis and environmental response.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing research on apoptosis in sea urchin embryos.
Discussion of conserved apoptotic pathways from nematodes to mammals.

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Published on: February 16, 2017

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Published on: January 21, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells

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Published on: January 21, 2020

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Published on: February 16, 2017

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Published on: January 21, 2014

Analysis of apoptosis in both normal development and in response to environmental stressors.

Main Results:

Programmed cell death is crucial for sculpting sea urchin embryos and larvae during metamorphosis.
Sea urchin embryos employ apoptosis as a defense mechanism against environmental contaminants.
Apoptotic pathways are conserved and regulated in sea urchin development.

Conclusions:

Apoptosis is a fundamental process in sea urchin embryogenesis, metamorphosis, and environmental adaptation.
Sea urchin embryos provide a robust model for understanding conserved apoptosis mechanisms.
Further research can elucidate the intricate regulation of apoptosis in response to diverse stimuli.