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Updated: Jun 19, 2026
Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts
Published on: February 11, 2014
A new multimodality technique accurately maps the primary lymphatic landing sites of the bladder
Beat Roth1, Michael P Wissmeyer, Pascal Zehnder
1Department of Urology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
Background:
Pathoanatomic studies have failed to map accurately the primary lymphatic landing sites of the urinary bladder.
Objective:
To use single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) combined with computed tomography (CT) plus intraoperative gamma probe verification to map the primary lymphatic landing sites of the bladder.
Design, Setting, And Participants:
Clinical trial of 60 consecutive cystectomy patients at a single centre.
Intervention:
Flexible cystoscopy-guided injection of technetium nanocolloid into one of six non-tumour-bearing sites of the bladder for preoperative detection of radioactive lymph nodes (LNs) with SPECT/CT followed by intraoperative verification with a gamma probe. Backup extended pelvic LN dissection (PLND) for ex vivo detection of missed LNs.
Measurements:
Three-dimensional projection of each LN site.
Results And Limitations:
A median of 4 (range: 1-14) radioactive LNs were detected per site and patient. Ninety-two percent of all LNs were found distal and caudal to where the ureter crosses the common iliac arteries. Eight percent were found proximal to the uretero-iliac crossing, none without simultaneous detection of additional radioactive LNs within the endopelvic region. Extended PLND resected 92% of all primary lymphatic landing sites; limited PLND resected only 52%. A few LNs may have been missed despite preoperative SPECT/CT, intraoperative gamma probe verification, and extended backup PLND.
Conclusions:
Multimodality SPECT/CT plus intraoperative gamma probe show the template of the bladder's primary lymphatic landing sites to be larger than is often thought. PLND limited to the ventral portion of the external iliac vessels and obturator fossa removes only about 50% of all primary lymphatic landing sites, whereas extended PLND along the major pelvic vessels, including the internal iliac, external iliac, obturator, and common iliac region up to the uretero-iliac crossing, removes about 90%.
