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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review.

Agustín Conde-Agudelo1, Roberto Romero

  • 1Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but severe obstetric emergency with significant maternal and fetal mortality. Early identification of risk factors and understanding hemodynamic changes are crucial for management.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare, life-threatening obstetric emergency.
  • Characterized by sudden cardiopulmonary collapse, coagulopathy, and high mortality rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an evidence-based review of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE).
  • To summarize current knowledge on AFE incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of existing studies on amniotic fluid embolism.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • AFE incidence varies by region (1:15,200 North America, 1:53,800 Europe).
  • Case fatality (13-30%) and perinatal mortality (9-44%) are substantial.
  • Risk factors include advanced maternal age, placental abnormalities, operative delivery, eclampsia, polyhydramnios, cervical lacerations, and uterine rupture.
  • Hemodynamic response is biphasic: pulmonary hypertension/right ventricular failure, then left ventricular failure.

Conclusions:

  • AFE remains a critical condition with high mortality.
  • Understanding risk factors and biphasic hemodynamic changes is key for timely diagnosis and intervention.
  • Selective pulmonary vasodilators and recombinant activated factor VIIa show promise.
  • Further research is needed to improve AFE outcomes.