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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

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Published on: October 30, 2013

Bladder cancer in the elderly.

Shahrokh F Shariat1, Matthew Milowsky, Michael J Droller

  • 1Division of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancer, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Urologic Oncology
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer, posing a growing challenge for the elderly population. Understanding age-related changes is crucial for effective bladder cancer treatment and care in older adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Age is the leading risk factor for bladder cancer, predominantly affecting the elderly.
  • The aging population will significantly increase the challenge of managing bladder cancer incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related physiological changes and their link to bladder cancer.
  • To examine genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with aging and bladder cancer.
  • To assess how aging impacts bladder cancer treatment efficacy, risks, and complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of MEDLINE (1966-2007).
  • Analysis of age-related physiological changes.
  • Investigation of genetic/epigenetic factors in bladder cancer.
  • Evaluation of aging's influence on treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Aging affects host physiology, genetics, and epigenetics in bladder cancer development and treatment.
  • Elderly patients tolerate treatments like intravesical bacille Calmette Guerin, radical cystectomy, and chemotherapy less effectively.
  • Barriers exist for elderly patients, potentially leading to less aggressive treatment; however, selected older adults respond well to treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment decisions for elderly cancer patients involve balancing life extension against functional decline and comorbidities.
  • Chronological age alone should not prevent definitive surgical treatment for bladder cancer.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to address the complex needs of older adults with bladder cancer.