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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
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A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

Prostate cancer in the elderly.

Hans Heinzer1, Thomas Steuber

  • 1Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. heinzer@uke.uni-hamburg.de

Urologic Oncology
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Management of prostate cancer in elderly men requires better risk stratification. Current approaches often lead to suboptimal treatment, undertreating aggressive cancers and overtreating indolent ones.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Geriatric Medicine

Background:

  • Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, particularly affecting the elderly.
  • Aging populations will increase the incidence and importance of prostate cancer.
  • Widespread PSA testing leads to diagnosis of localized prostate cancer in many older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the suboptimal management of prostate cancer in the elderly.
  • To emphasize the need for risk-stratified approaches in this demographic.
  • To improve treatment decisions considering tumor aggressiveness and patient comorbidity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices and treatment outcomes for elderly prostate cancer patients.
  • Analysis of factors influencing treatment decisions, including age and comorbidity.

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  • Evaluation of the effectiveness and toxicity of different treatment modalities.

    • Main Results:

    • Cancer-specific mortality in elderly men is low and depends on tumor aggressiveness.
    • Comorbidity, not age, is the primary predictor of life expectancy.
    • Elderly men often receive hormonal therapy for localized disease, with unclear benefits and potential toxicities.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal management of prostate cancer in the elderly is lacking.
    • Risk-stratified approaches are needed to tailor treatment effectively.
    • Avoidance of overtreatment for indolent disease and adequate treatment for aggressive disease are crucial.