Comparative study of kala-azar vector control measures in eastern Nepal

Area of Science:

• Medical Entomology
• Public Health
• Tropical Medicine

Background:

• Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination requires effective control of its vector, *Phlebotomus argentipes*.
• Evaluating vector control tools is essential for regional elimination initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

• To compare the efficacy of indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and ecological vector management (EVM) in reducing *P. argentipes* density.
• To identify the most effective vector control strategy for visceral leishmaniasis elimination.

Main Methods:

• Entomological surveys using CDC miniature light traps and mouth aspirators were conducted.
• Interventions included alpha-cypermethrin for IRS, PermaNet for LLINs, and lime plastering for EVM.
• Vector densities were compared between intervention and control groups pre- and post-intervention.

Main Results:

• Light traps were more efficient than aspirators for collecting *P. argentipes*.
• Both IRS and LLINs significantly reduced sand fly vector densities compared to the control group.
• EVM showed no significant reduction in *P. argentipes* density compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

• Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is the most effective method for decreasing *P. argentipes* vector density.
• Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are an effective alternative vector control tool for VL elimination.
• Ecological vector management, in this form, was not effective in reducing sand fly populations.