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General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I

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Pipe flow refers to the movement of fluids within fully enclosed conduits, typically cylindrical in shape, such as water pipes or hydraulic hoses. These conduits are designed to withstand high-pressure gradients that drive fluid movement, contrasting with open-channel flows, where gravity is the primary driving force. Rectangular conduits, like air conditioning and heating ducts, generally operate at lower pressures and are less suited for high-pressure applications.
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Laminar Flow

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Pipe Flowrate Measurement

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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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General Characteristics of Pipe Flow II

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When fluid enters a pipe, it first passes through the entrance region, where the velocity profile adjusts due to viscous effects. In this region, a boundary layer forms along the pipe walls and grows until it fully occupies the pipe's cross-section. Once the boundary layer merges, the flow becomes fully developed, with a steady velocity profile that remains consistent along the pipe's length.
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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Published on: August 30, 2012

Low-index terahertz pipe waveguides.

Chih-Hsien Lai¹, Yu-Chun Hsueh, Hung-Wen Chen

¹Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.

|November 3, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We demonstrate a simple, low-index dielectric pipe for guiding terahertz (THz) waves. This cost-effective Teflon pipe offers excellent performance for THz waveguiding applications.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Optics
Materials Science

Background:

Terahertz (THz) waveguiding is crucial for various applications, but existing methods often involve complex structures.
Air-core waveguides typically require specialized high-reflection coatings for efficient THz confinement.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and experimentally validate a simple, low-cost leaky structure for efficient terahertz waveguiding.
To investigate the performance characteristics of this novel waveguide design.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a simple pipe waveguide using commercially available Teflon with a large air core and a thin, uniform, low-index dielectric layer.
Experimental characterization of terahertz wave propagation through 3-m-long Teflon pipes.

Main Results:

Successful guiding of terahertz waves within the air core of the Teflon pipes.
Demonstration of excellent mode qualities, high coupling efficiencies, and low attenuation constants.
Observation of controllable passband width for tailored THz applications.

Conclusions:

The proposed simple leaky structure provides an effective and economical solution for terahertz waveguiding.
Teflon pipes with low-index dielectric layers are suitable for high-performance terahertz wave transmission.
This approach offers a practical alternative to complex, high-reflection coated waveguides.