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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Non-coding RNAs: regulators of disease.

Ryan J Taft1, Ken C Pang, Timothy R Mercer

  • 1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.

The Journal of Pathology
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The human genome produces thousands of regulatory non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) beyond protein-coding genes. These ncRNAs are crucial for normal development and disease, offering potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • The traditional definition of a gene focused on protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • Recent studies reveal pervasive transcription of the human genome, producing numerous non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • These ncRNAs include microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, and long ncRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental biology of ncRNAs.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which ncRNAs regulate development, physiology, and disease.
  • To discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genome-wide studies on RNA transcription.
  • Analysis of the functional roles of various ncRNA classes.
  • Examination of ncRNA expression in complex diseases.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs act as critical transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators.
  • ncRNAs guide chromatin-modifying complexes.
  • Intergenic regions in complex diseases are associated with ncRNA expression.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs play vital roles in normal development and disease pathogenesis.
  • Dysfunctional ncRNAs are implicated in disease.
  • ncRNAs represent promising diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.