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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

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An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C
11:53

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DNA methylation programming and reprogramming in primate embryonic stem cells.

Netta Mendelson Cohen1, Vikas Dighe, Gilad Landan

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Genome Research
|November 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA methylation patterns in monkey embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and fibroblasts were analyzed. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) largely restored ESC epigenomes, though some fibroblast-like methylation patterns persisted.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomics and Bioinformatics

Background:

  • DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism influencing normal development.
  • Epigenome reprogramming is essential for stem cell derivation and maintenance.
  • Understanding DNA methylation dynamics is key to evaluating stem cell pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare DNA methylation patterns in native monkey embryonic stem cells (ESCs), fibroblasts, and SCNT-derived ESCs.
  • To identify and characterize epigenome programming and reprogramming events.
  • To assess the conservation of DNA methylation patterns across species and tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of native monkey ESCs, fibroblasts, and SCNT ESCs.
  • Comparative analysis of hyper- and hypomethylated regions between cell types.
  • Correlation analysis with gene transcription, Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 occupancy, and CTCF binding.

Main Results:

  • Hundreds of fibroblast-specific methylation regions were identified, conserved in human cells.
  • SCNT ESCs demonstrated extensive reprogramming, achieving near-perfect epigenomic correlation with native ESCs.
  • Reprogramming efficiency varied regionally, with some fibroblast-like methylation patterns persisting post-SCNT.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenomic reprogramming via SCNT is largely accurate but regionally variable.
  • Persistent fibroblast-like methylation patterns in SCNT ESCs warrant further investigation.
  • These findings provide insights into epigenetic fidelity during SCNT and stem cell reprogramming.