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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,...
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...

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Related Experiment Video

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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

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Published on: July 27, 2018

Configurations of equivalent electrons.

Peter R Taylor1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. p.r.taylor@warwick.ac.uk

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|November 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study presents new formulas for calculating the spin and spatial symmetry of wave functions in partially filled degenerate orbitals. The methods are extended from weak spin-orbit coupling to the jj-coupling regime.

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Atomic Physics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Understanding electron behavior in partially filled degenerate orbitals is crucial for predicting atomic and molecular properties.
  • Existing models often simplify the coupling between spin and spatial angular momenta, limiting their applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a comprehensive set of formulas for determining the overall spin and spatial symmetry of wave functions.
  • To extend these formulas to the jj-coupling case, which is relevant for heavier elements.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of new mathematical formulas based on quantum mechanical principles.
  • Adaptation of existing theories for weak spin-orbit coupling to the jj-coupling framework.

Main Results:

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  • A comprehensive set of formulas applicable to partially filled degenerate orbitals.
  • Successful extension of symmetry determination methods to the jj-coupling regime.

Conclusions:

  • The derived formulas provide a more robust method for analyzing electron wave functions in complex electronic configurations.
  • This work enhances the predictive power of quantum chemical and atomic physics models, particularly for systems with strong spin-orbit coupling.