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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma
11:29

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

Published on: January 22, 2022

Laparoscopic evaluation in infertility.

Talat Naz1, Lubna Hassan, Gulmeen

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGMI/Hayatabad Medical Complex, Street No. 5, Hayatabad, Peshawar. miqimsaadan@yahoo.com

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP
|November 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed tubal disease as a common cause of infertility in women. This procedure is valuable for assessing female infertility and guiding treatment decisions based on identified causes.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Gynecologic Surgery
  • Infertility Diagnostics

Background:

  • Infertility affects a significant number of women, with diverse underlying causes.
  • Distinguishing between primary and secondary infertility is crucial for targeted management.
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy offers direct visualization of pelvic organs to identify infertility factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of various infertility causes identified via diagnostic laparoscopy.
  • To compare the prevalence of these causes in primary versus secondary infertility cases.
  • To evaluate the utility of laparoscopy in assessing female infertility.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study was conducted.
  • Patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy for primary or secondary infertility were included (excluding male factor).
  • The frequency of observed abnormalities was determined and compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • Bilateral tubal blockage was a frequent finding, observed in 23.53% of primary and 28.07% of secondary infertility cases.
  • Pelvic adhesions and ovarian pathology (including polycystic ovaries and endometriotic cysts) were also significant findings.
  • A substantial proportion of patients (51.47% primary, 45.51% secondary) had no visible abnormality on laparoscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Tubal disease is a prevalent cause of female infertility.
  • Diagnostic laparoscopy is an effective method for comprehensive female infertility assessment.
  • Laparoscopic findings aid in tailoring treatment strategies for infertility.