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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
08:07

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Published on: April 12, 2019

Osteosarcoma of the flat bone.

Jun Ah Lee1, Min Suk Kim, Jae-Soo Koh

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Gu, 139-706 Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology
|November 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Osteosarcoma of the flat bone is rare and presents worse outcomes than extremity osteosarcoma. Surgery offers better survival, while radiation therapy is less effective for local control.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Skeletal Tumors
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma of the flat bone is an uncommon tumor.
  • Understanding its unique characteristics is crucial for improved patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinicopathologic features of flat bone osteosarcoma.
  • To compare outcomes with extremity osteosarcoma.
  • To analyze the impact of various treatments on survival.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of clinicopathologic data.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities and their effect on patient outcomes.
  • Statistical analysis of survival rates.

Main Results:

  • Flat bone osteosarcoma represented 11.3% of cases, with patients being older and more prone to metastasis.
  • Higher proportions of females and chondroblastic subtypes were observed.
  • Five-year survival rates were 35.2% (overall) and 24.7% (event-free).
  • Surgical treatment correlated with better outcomes compared to other modalities.
  • Radiation therapy showed limited efficacy for local control.

Conclusions:

  • Flat bone osteosarcoma has a poorer prognosis than extremity osteosarcoma.
  • Effective local control strategies beyond surgery require further investigation.
  • Elucidating the specific biology of flat bone osteosarcoma is essential.