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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Digital Uromonitor® outperforms quantitative polymerase chain reaction Uromonitor and cytology for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer surveillance: results from the 'External Validation of Uromonitor as a Biomarker for Optimization of NMIBC Management by the Club Urológico Español de Tratamiento Oncológico Group' (EVALUATION-CUETO) study.

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External validation of the Uromonitor®-version 2 urine test as a biomarker for optimisation of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer management.

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[Comentario editorial de: Ureterorrenoscopias en régimen ambulatorio. Adaptación del protocolo por la pandemia covid-19.]

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[Editorial comment of: Pneumatic lithotripsy vs Holmium: YAG Laser lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones.]

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy
03:56

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy

Published on: September 13, 2022

[The stone disease].

Victoria Gonzalo Rodríguez1, Mariano Pérez Albacete, Enrique Pérez-Castro Ellendt

  • 1Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Yagüe, Burgos, España. victoriaCGR@hotmail.com

Archivos Espanoles De Urologia
|November 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This paper traces the history of lithiasis (kidney stones) and its treatment evolution. It highlights advancements like endoscopic surgery and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Medical History
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Lithiasis, or stone disease, has a long history impacting patient health.
  • Understanding historical treatments provides context for modern urological practices.

Observation:

  • The evolution of lithiasis treatment is intrinsically linked to surgical advancements.
  • Key historical texts and writings on urology were reviewed.

Findings:

  • The paper details the historical progression of lithiasis treatment.
  • It highlights the development of endoscopic surgery and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
  • Contributions of Spanish urologists and enabling instruments are discussed.

Implications:

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A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy
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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

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  • Knowledge of lithiasis history informs current and future urological interventions.
  • Understanding historical innovations can inspire new approaches to stone disease management.
  • This historical perspective emphasizes the importance of technological progress in urology.