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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management01:26

Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management

The nursing management of a patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health history and clinical manifestations.AssessmentHealth History: Evaluate the patient’s history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular issues, and lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns, smoking, and physical activity.Physical Examination:Assess the affected extremity for decreased or absent peripheral pulses, temperature changes,...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy.

Usha Kant Misra1, Jayantee Kalita, Pradeep P Nair

  • 1Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
|November 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing peripheral neuropathy requires a systematic approach, combining patient history, neurological exams, and electrodiagnostic tests. This helps identify treatable causes and classify neuropathy types for effective management.

Keywords:
Axonal demyelinationdiagnosisnerve conductionperipheral neuropathy

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Peripheral neuropathy encompasses diverse disorders of the peripheral nervous system with numerous etiologies.
  • A structured diagnostic strategy is crucial for identifying treatable neuropathies efficiently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a systematic and logical approach for the cost-effective diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies.
  • To differentiate between large fiber and small fiber neuropathies based on clinical presentation.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed patient history (symptoms, family, occupational history) and general/systemic examinations.
  • Comprehensive neurological examinations assessing sensory, motor, and autonomic functions.
  • Electrodiagnostic (EDx) tests including nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG) to characterize neuropathy type (demyelinating vs. axonal).

Main Results:

  • Large fiber neuropathy presents with sensory ataxia and loss of position/vibration sense; small fiber neuropathy with impaired pain, temperature, and autonomic functions.
  • EDx tests differentiate axonal from demyelinating neuropathies, with uniform demyelination suggesting hereditary causes and segmental differences suggesting acquired causes.
  • Neuropathies are classified into mononeuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, and polyneuropathy based on distribution and etiology.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic diagnostic pathway integrating clinical evaluation and electrodiagnostic testing is essential for peripheral neuropathy.
  • While some cases remain undiagnosed, the prognosis for peripheral neuropathy is often favorable, especially with timely identification of treatable conditions.