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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients
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Solid-solid phase transition in hard ellipsoids.

M Radu1, P Pfleiderer, T Schilling

  • 1Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computer simulations reveal that the simple monoclinic phase (SM2) is more stable than the stretched-fcc phase for hard ellipsoids with aspect ratios greater than or equal to 2.0. A solid-solid phase transition occurs between aspect ratios of 1.55 and 2.0.

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Area of Science:

  • * Computational physics and materials science.
  • * Statistical mechanics of soft matter.

Background:

  • * Crystalline phases of hard ellipsoids of revolution are crucial for understanding anisotropic particle systems.
  • * Previous work suggested a stretched-face-centered cubic (fcc) phase for high aspect ratios, but its stability was questioned.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the stability of crystalline phases of hard ellipsoids across various aspect ratios and densities.
  • * To determine the free energies of competing crystalline structures using advanced simulation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • * Employed thermodynamic integration to calculate free energies of crystalline phases.
  • * Utilized an expanded ensemble method with Wang-Landau algorithm for efficient sampling.
  • * Performed computer simulations on hard ellipsoids of revolution.

Main Results:

  • * The simple monoclinic phase (SM2) is found to be more stable than the stretched-fcc phase for aspect ratios (a/b) >= 2.0.
  • * This stability holds for all densities above solid-nematic coexistence.
  • * A solid-solid phase transition was identified between aspect ratios of 1.55 and 2.0.

Conclusions:

  • * The SM2 structure represents a more stable crystalline phase for hard ellipsoids at moderate to high aspect ratios.
  • * The findings refine the phase diagram of hard ellipsoids, highlighting a previously uncharacterized solid-solid transition.