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Related Concept Videos

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots
08:21

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

Published on: May 7, 2019

Ca impurity in small mixed (4)He-(3)He clusters.

R Guardiola1, J Navarro, D Mateo

  • 1IFIC (CSIC-Universidad de Valencia), Apartado Postal 22085, E-46.071 Valencia, Spain.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium atoms in mixed helium clusters prefer the interface between helium-4 and helium-3. The atom

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
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3D Depth Profile Reconstruction of Segregated Impurities Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
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3D Depth Profile Reconstruction of Segregated Impurities Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots
08:21

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

Published on: May 7, 2019

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

3D Depth Profile Reconstruction of Segregated Impurities Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
07:10

3D Depth Profile Reconstruction of Segregated Impurities Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Quantum chemistry
  • Atomic physics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Helium clusters provide a unique environment for studying the behavior of dopant atoms.
  • Previous studies have investigated large helium clusters, but the structure of small mixed clusters remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the structure of small mixed helium clusters doped with a single calcium atom.
  • To investigate the location and behavior of the calcium atom within helium clusters of different isotopes.
  • To calculate the absorption spectrum of calcium in these clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion Monte Carlo framework was employed to simulate and determine cluster structures.
  • Calculations focused on mixed clusters of helium-3 and helium-4 doped with one calcium atom.

Main Results:

  • The calcium atom was found to reside at the interface between helium-4 and helium-3.
  • For helium-4 clusters, calcium tends to form a deep dimple at the surface.
  • For helium-3 clusters, calcium becomes fully solvated.
  • The absorption spectrum of calcium showed a blueshift dependent on cluster size and composition.

Conclusions:

  • The location of calcium in mixed helium clusters is sensitive to the helium isotope.
  • The observed blueshift in the absorption spectrum provides insights into the interaction between calcium and helium.
  • These findings contribute to understanding atomic behavior in quantum fluids.