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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Small molecules that modulate embryonic stem cell fate and somatic cell reprogramming.

Wenlin Li1, Sheng Ding

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|November 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Small molecules are revolutionizing regenerative medicine by controlling stem cell behavior. These chemical tools help sustain pluripotency, induce differentiation, and enhance reprogramming for therapeutic applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

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Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Chemical biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has spurred interest in stem cell therapies.
  • Controlling stem cell fate is crucial for realizing their therapeutic potential.
  • Small molecules offer precise control over cell state and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of small molecules in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
  • To highlight small molecules for sustaining pluripotency and inducing differentiation.
  • To discuss small molecules in somatic cell reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in small molecule applications for stem cells.
  • Analysis of small molecules targeting signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms.
  • Examination of small molecules in pluripotency maintenance, differentiation induction, and reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules are effective tools for manipulating stem cell fate, state, and function.
  • These molecules aid in understanding fundamental stem cell biology.
  • Small molecules facilitate therapeutic approaches like cell replacement and endogenous repair.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecules are pivotal in advancing regenerative medicine.
  • Chemically defined conditions using small molecules enable in vitro production of functional cells.
  • Small molecules can replace transcription factors and improve reprogramming efficiency.