Influence of (bi)carbonate on bacterial interaction with quartz and metal oxide-coated surfaces

This study investigated the influence of (bi)carbonate on the adhesion of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) to quartz, aluminum oxide-coated, and iron oxide-coated surfaces. Column experiments were conducted at various NaHCO(3) concentrations. Bacterial breakthrough curves were obtained by monitoring effluent, and mass recoveries were quantified from these curves. With NaHCO(3) concentrations varying from 0 to 200mM, the corresponding effective ionic strength varied from 0 to 149.0mM and solution pH from 6.2 to 8.7. Results show that at low and intermediate NaHCO(3) concentrations (1 and 10mM), bacterial adhesion to negatively charged quartz sand increased with increasing NaHCO(3) concentration, due to compression of the electrical double layers. At high NaHCO(3) concentrations (100 and 200mM), however, bacterial attachment to quartz sand decreased compared to the case of 10mM, possibly due to formation of short-range forces (steric repulsion/hydration force) by high ionic strength. In aluminum-coated sand, bacterial adhesion decreased gradually with increasing NaHCO(3) concentrations, due to charge modification from positive to negative by adsorbed (bi)carbonate ions. At low concentrations of 0.1 and 1mM, bacterial attachment to iron-coated sand surfaces decreased with increasing NaHCO(3) concentration, due to charge modification of coated sand surfaces from positive to negative. At intermediate concentration of 10mM, iron-coated sand surfaces were negatively charged like quartz sand, and so the presence of (bi)carbonate ions resulted in the increment of bacterial adhesion due to compression of the electrical double layers. At high concentrations of 100 and 200mM (pH 8.5-8.6), where iron-coated surfaces were negatively charged, bacterial deposition decreased compared to the case of 10mM, possibly due to the same phenomenon observed in quartz sand (short-range forces). This study demonstrates that bacterial adhesions to quartz and metal oxide-coated surfaces in the presence of (bi)carbonate ions show different responses depending on the NaHCO(3) concentration and surface charges of porous media.