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Related Concept Videos

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
11:08

Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: April 7, 2023

The XY female.

Lina Michala1, Sarah M Creighton

  • 1Alexandras Hospital, 6 Lampsakou street, Athens, Greece. linamichalas@hotmail.com

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|November 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) arise from variations in sexual differentiation, leading to discordant phenotypes and genotypes. Accurate diagnosis and specialized multidisciplinary care are crucial for managing these rare conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Sexual differentiation involves complex genetic and hormonal pathways.
  • Variations in these pathways result in disorders of sex development (DSDs), where phenotype and genotype are discordant.
  • DSDs can present with infertility and may require surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis in DSDs.
  • To highlight the need for specialized management of DSDs.
  • To underscore the role of genetic information and counseling in DSD care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the complex pathways in sexual differentiation.
  • Analysis of common and unique aspects of various DSD entities.

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Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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Laboratory Maintenance of the Lower Dipteran Fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila: A New/Old Emerging Model Organism
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Laboratory Maintenance of the Lower Dipteran Fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila: A New/Old Emerging Model Organism

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: April 7, 2023

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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Laboratory Maintenance of the Lower Dipteran Fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila: A New/Old Emerging Model Organism
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  • Emphasis on the increasing availability of genetic information for diagnosis.

    • Main Results:

    • DSDs necessitate careful diagnosis due to their varied presentations.
    • Genetic advancements facilitate easier diagnosis and family counseling.
    • Management requires experienced multidisciplinary teams in tertiary centers.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis of DSDs is paramount for appropriate management.
    • Tertiary referral centers with multidisciplinary teams are essential for optimal care.
    • Sensitive disclosure and psychological support are vital for patients and families affected by DSDs.