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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Bisphosphonates and time to osteonecrosis development.

Pinelopi Kleio Palaska1, Vassiliki Cartsos, Athanasios I Zavras

  • 1Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Health Policy & Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

The Oncologist
|November 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) risk increases with long-term bisphosphonate (BP) use. This review analyzes 71 case series, revealing mean times to BONJ onset for zoledronate, pamidronate, and oral BPs, highlighting zoledronic acid

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Pharmacology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) is a serious complication of long-term bisphosphonate (BP) therapy.
  • BPs are crucial for managing bone diseases like osteoporosis and cancer-related bone conditions.
  • Understanding the dose-response and time-to-event relationship for BONJ is critical for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review case series and determine the time to event and cumulative dose for BONJ onset.
  • To compare the potency and risk associated with different bisphosphonate types (zoledronate, pamidronate, oral BPs).
  • To identify factors influencing BONJ development and time to event.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 71 case series published since 2003.
  • Calculation of weighted mean time to event and minimum reported time and dose for specific BPs.
  • Analysis of contributing factors to BONJ onset.

Main Results:

  • Mean time to BONJ: 1.8 years (zoledronate), 2.8 years (pamidronate), 4.6 years (oral BPs).
  • Minimum onset times: 10 months (zoledronate), 1.5 years (pamidronate), 3 years (oral BPs).
  • Zoledronic acid appears most potent; invasive dental procedures and comorbidities (age, diabetes, RA, corticosteroids, Vit D deficiency) increase risk.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term bisphosphonate use is associated with BONJ, with varying onset times based on drug type and potency.
  • Zoledronic acid demonstrates higher potency, with earlier onset times reported.
  • Further research into BONJ pathophysiology is needed to mitigate risks associated with essential bisphosphonate therapies.