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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
07:25

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury

Published on: May 25, 2017

Thoracic intervertebral disc herniation.

F Gjerris1, B V Jepsen

  • 1The University Clinic of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical treatment for herniated thoracic discs can yield positive outcomes. Most patients experienced significant neurological recovery after laminectomy, with long-term relief from back pain and leg weakness.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
07:25

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury

Published on: May 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Herniated thoracic intervertebral discs are a rare cause of spinal cord compression.
  • Symptoms often include back pain and progressive neurological deficits, such as paraparesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term surgical outcomes for patients with herniated thoracic intervertebral discs.
  • To assess the efficacy of laminectomy in treating this condition.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 20 patients operated on between 1946 and 1972 for herniated thoracic discs.
  • All patients underwent laminectomy; two also had costotransversectomy.
  • Follow-up ranged from 2 to 25 years post-operatively.

Main Results:

  • The average symptom duration was 14-15 months.
  • 13 out of 17 followed patients had no neurological deficits.
  • Two patients experienced transient post-operative paraparesis exacerbation.

Conclusions:

  • Laminectomy is an effective surgical treatment for herniated thoracic intervertebral discs.
  • Long-term outcomes are generally favorable, with significant neurological recovery and symptom resolution.