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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

[Vaccination: cost-effectiveness ratio].

B Swennen1

  • 1Département d'Epidémiologie et de Médecine Préventive, Unité d'Epidémiologie Pédiatrique et de Vaccination, Ecole de Santé Publique, U.L.B, Bruxelles. bswennen@ulb.ac.be

Revue Medicale De Bruxelles
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccination offers excellent value, but economic evaluations need improvement. A WHO guide assists in assessing cost-effectiveness for new vaccines, enhancing public health economic analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Health Economics
  • Public Health Policy

Context:

  • Increasing vaccine costs necessitate rigorous economic assessments.
  • Existing economic evaluations of vaccination programs require quality improvements.
  • Vaccine-specific features must be considered in cost-effectiveness analyses.

Purpose:

  • To provide clear guidance for improving the quality of cost-effectiveness studies in vaccinology.
  • To present the World Health Organization (WHO) guide on economic evaluations.
  • To review economic evaluations of new vaccines in the Belgian vaccination schedule.

Summary:

  • The study highlights the importance of economic assessments for vaccination programs due to rising costs.
  • A WHO guide has been developed to enhance the quality of cost-effectiveness studies in vaccinology.
  • The economic evaluations of newly introduced vaccines in Belgium are reviewed following the guide's presentation.

Impact:

  • Improves the quality and consistency of economic evaluations for vaccination programs.
  • Supports evidence-based decision-making for vaccine implementation and resource allocation.
  • Facilitates a better understanding of the cost-effectiveness of new vaccines in specific national contexts.