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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

[Drug allergy].

Hirohiko Sueki¹

¹Division of Dermatology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

|November 11, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers advances in managing drug allergies, focusing on severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) like Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Early diagnosis and treatment guidelines, including systemic steroids, are crucial for reducing mortality.

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Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

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Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

Area of Science:

Pharmacovigilance
Immunology
Dermatology

Context:

Drug allergies, particularly severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), pose significant health risks.
Life-threatening reactions include Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), and anaphylaxis.
Accurate and early assessment of drug reaction severity is vital for patient outcomes.

Purpose:

To review recent advancements in the treatment, prevention, and management of drug allergies.
To highlight diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for SJS and TEN.
To discuss ongoing research into the genetic basis (HLA genotype) of SCARs for improved prevention.

Summary:

Recent progress in drug allergy management, emphasizing severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs).
The Japanese SCAR research group has proposed diagnostic criteria and early treatment guidelines for SJS and TEN using systemic steroids.
Research is exploring the prevalence of HLA genotypes in SCARs to aid in prevention strategies.
A financial relief system for affected patients has been established by the PMDA.

Impact:

Improved early detection and management of severe drug reactions, potentially reducing mortality.
Advancements in personalized medicine through genetic profiling for drug allergy prevention.
Enhanced patient support systems, including financial relief, for those suffering from drug allergies.