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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:20

Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment
18:50

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment

Published on: September 25, 2009

Vertebral artery hypoplasia is associated with a decrease in net vertebral flow volume.

Yen-Yu Chen1, A-Ching Chao, Hung-Yi Hsu

  • 1Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH), defined as a vertebral artery diameter ≤2.5mm, is linked to significantly lower net blood flow. This finding suggests VAH may impact posterior circulation, increasing stroke risk.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Microsurgical Clip Obliteration of Middle Cerebral Aneurysm Using Intraoperative Flow Assessment
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A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
08:12

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: July 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) definition and clinical significance are debated.
  • VAH is a potential risk factor for posterior circulation ischemic stroke.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish an optimal cutoff diameter for defining VAH.
  • Investigate the association between unilateral VAH and reduced net vertebral artery flow volume.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 1000 healthy subjects without cerebrovascular disease.
  • Determined VA diameter cutoff for VAH and measured flow volumes.

Main Results:

  • A vertebral artery diameter ≤2.5mm was identified as the ideal cutoff for VAH.
  • Unilateral VAH was associated with significantly lower net vertebral artery flow volume (140.7±46.2 mL/min) compared to controls (190.1±54.5 mL/min).
  • Flow volume insufficiency (<100 mL/min) was more frequent in individuals with VAH (22.1%) than without (2.4%).

Conclusions:

  • Asymptomatic individuals with VAH exhibit reduced net vertebral artery flow.
  • VAH is associated with a higher incidence of vertebral artery flow insufficiency, suggesting potential clinical relevance.