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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
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Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
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Genital Herpes01:23

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Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
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Use of Interferon-&gamma; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

HPV & HPV vaccination: issues in developing countries.

Mausumi Bharadwaj1, Showket Hussain, Vilas Nasare

  • 1Division of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Institute of Cytology & Preventive Oncology (ICMR), NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The Indian Journal of Medical Research
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer, a major health issue in India. Cost-effective HPV vaccines are being developed, addressing accessibility and socio-cultural barriers for widespread adoption.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Use of Interferon-&gamma; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women globally, particularly in developing nations like India.
  • Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, with HPV types 16 and 18 being predominant in India.
  • Low-risk HPV types are linked to benign cervical lesions and genital warts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the burden of cervical cancer in India and its association with HR-HPV infections.
  • To discuss the potential of currently available virus-like particle (VLP) based prophylactic HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix).
  • To explore the challenges and ongoing efforts in developing cost-effective second-generation HPV vaccines in India, alongside socio-cultural and ethical considerations for vaccine implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on cervical cancer and HPV prevalence in India.
  • Analysis of the current landscape of HPV vaccines, including VLP-based prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic vaccines in clinical trials.
  • Examination of factors limiting vaccine use in resource-poor settings, such as cost, and discussion of socio-cultural and ethical issues related to HPV vaccination acceptance.

Main Results:

  • HPV types 16 and 18 account for 98% of oncogenic HPV infections in India, with HPV 16 being the most prevalent.
  • Existing VLP-based vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix show promise but face significant cost barriers in resource-limited regions.
  • Development of cost-effective second-generation vaccines is underway in India, alongside research into socio-cultural and ethical aspects of vaccine acceptance.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing the high incidence of cervical cancer in India requires accessible and affordable HPV vaccination strategies.
  • Overcoming the cost barrier of current HPV vaccines is crucial for their implementation in India.
  • Successful HPV vaccination programs in India necessitate careful consideration of socio-cultural factors and ethical implications to ensure parental and adolescent acceptance.