Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Satisfaction in Substitution Treatment and Harm Reduction Services.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same author

Trichobezoar - a rare cause of gastric perforation.

South African journal of surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir chirurgie·2025
Same author

Colonic obstruction secondary to trauma induced intramural haematoma: a rare case report.

South African journal of surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir chirurgie·2025
Same author

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in an adolescent male.

South African journal of surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir chirurgie·2025
Same author

Gall bladder torsion masquerading as appendicitis in a teenage boy.

South African journal of surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir chirurgie·2022
Same author

Chlormethine gel is effective for the treatment of skin lesions in patients with early- and late-stage mycosis fungoides in clinical practice.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
08:30

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Effective dose variation in pediatric computed tomography: dose reference levels in Greece.

E Yakoumakis1, M Karlatira, G Gialousis

  • 1Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, Mikras Asias, Goudi 11527 Athens, Greece.

Health Physics
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Computed tomography (CT) scans expose children to significant radiation doses. Many hospitals fail to adjust protocols for pediatric patients, leading to unnecessary radiation exposure and highlighting the need for dose reduction strategies.

More Related Videos

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation

Published on: September 4, 2017

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform
07:57

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

Published on: March 24, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
08:30

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation

Published on: September 4, 2017

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform
07:57

Positron Emission Tomography-based Dose Painting Radiation Therapy in a Glioblastoma Rat Model using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

Published on: March 24, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiological Protection
  • Pediatric Radiology

Background:

  • Computed tomography (CT) is a vital diagnostic tool offering high-resolution imaging.
  • CT examinations contribute significantly to population radiation doses.
  • Children exhibit heightened sensitivity to X-rays compared to adults, necessitating dose reduction measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate radiation dose variations in pediatric CT examinations across multiple hospitals.
  • To compare pediatric CT dose levels with European standards.
  • To identify areas for improvement in radiation dose optimization for children undergoing CT scans.

Main Methods:

  • Dose measurements were conducted in twelve hospitals nationwide.
  • Weighted computed dose-index and dose length product were calculated for pediatric age groups (0, 1, 5, 10 years).
  • Effective dose values were estimated for common CT examinations (brain, thorax, abdomen) using established coefficients and patient data.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations in CT radiation doses were observed among the participating hospitals.
  • Only a minority of hospitals consistently applied age-specific protocols for pediatric CT examinations.
  • Many pediatric patients were found to receive higher radiation doses than necessary.

Conclusions:

  • Current pediatric CT protocols are often not optimized for age, leading to suboptimal radiation exposure.
  • There is a critical need to implement and adhere to age-adjusted protocols to reduce radiation doses in pediatric CT.
  • Adapting dose reduction methods is essential for optimizing this high-dose imaging modality in children.